关键要点
- 异端有两个结构特征：(1) 优先级高于真假问题——贴上x-ist标签等于终止讨论，之后不再有人问这话是真是假；(2) 份量压过说话者做过的一切——像往秤上扔了一块铀。
- 标签是否成立常取决于谁说的：同一句话，这个人说就是真理，换个人说就是 x-ist——真理不会这样运作；而且从不见probably x-ist这种限定，若真是判断真假，该有大概才对。
- 检测猎巫的通用方法：指责反对压制言论的人自己也是异端——这是古今猎巫者一致的战术。
- 不宽容浪潮需要两种配料：不宽容的人（每个足够大的社会里一直都有）+ 指导他们的意识形态；1980 年代末美国大学出现的新意识形态点燃了这一轮，其形态与文革惊人地相似（规模小得多）。
- 意识形态要团结好斗的守旧派（aggressively conventional-minded），必须有宗教特征：严格而武断的规则、可展示纯洁、信者自动道德优越；正统还是坏人的廉价美德替代品。
- 关键看导数而非绝对值：1985 年前可公开表达的窗口一直在变宽，之后收窄——问题在导数；但长期仍乐观，当前浪潮似已见顶，继续推回去还能练出抵抗下一波的新战术。
—— 本文选自东西书院 dongxishuyuan.com
PG 原话
从结构上看，异端有两个特征：(1) 它优先于真假问题；(2) 它的份量压过说话者做过的一切。
Structurally there are two distinctive things about heresy: (1) that it takes priority over the question of truth or falsity, and (2) that it outweighs everything else the speaker has done.
异端就是这样一种观点：表达它被当作犯罪——让一些人觉得你不只是错了，而是应该受罚。
A heresy is an opinion whose expression is treated like a crime — one that makes some people feel not merely that youre mistaken, but that you should be punished.
掀起一波不宽容浪潮需要两种配料：不宽容的人，以及指导他们的意识形态。
You need two ingredients for a wave of intolerance: intolerant people, and an ideology to guide them.
出处
- 英文原题：Heresy（2022年4月）
- 原文：https://www.paulgraham.com/heresy.html
- 本书院编译 · 底本为 paulgraham.com 英文原典
中文为本书院编译（意译），关键英文术语保留原文；英文引文逐字核验为原典连续子串。
延伸阅读 · 跨篇互见
有权力没魅力的人注定招黑；但被批评缠身，有时恰恰说明他是干这事最合适的人。
People who are powerful but uncharismatic will tend to be disliked. Their power makes them a target for criticism that they dont have the charisma to disarm. That was Hillary Clintons problem. It also tends to be a problem for any CEO who is more of a builder than a schmoozer. And yet the builder-type CEO is (like Hillary) probably the best person for the job.
I dont think there is any solution to this problem. Its human nature. The best we can do is to recognize that its happening, and to understand that being a magnet for criticism is sometimes a sign not that someone is the wrong person for a job, but that theyre the right one.
场景交集：判断力、决策出处：Charisma / Power · paulgraham.com 原文 ↗
偏见的定义就是：被歧视的群体要更优秀才能入选，所以入选后他们的表现会更好——看这个就知道有没有偏见。
Want to know if the selection process was biased against some type of applicant? Check whether they outperform the others. This is not just a heuristic for detecting bias. Its what bias means.
Which means applicants of type x who do make it through the selection process will outperform other successful applicants.
场景交集：判断力、决策出处：A Way to Detect Bias · paulgraham.com 原文 ↗
是魅力，笨蛋：总统大选的真正变量
电视时代以来，几乎每届美国大选都是更有魅力的候选人赢——议题被两党对冲掉后，剩下唯一的决定变量是魅力。
Theory: In US presidential elections, the more charismatic candidate wins.
In every presidential election since TV became widespread, the apparently more charismatic candidate has won.
场景交集：判断力、决策出处：Its Charisma, Stupid · paulgraham.com 原文 ↗
布拉德利的幽灵：民调为何系统性失灵
当精英价值观偏自由派时，民调会系统性低估普通选民的保守程度——人们知道自己信什么，也知道“应该”信什么。
When the values of the elite are liberal, polls will tend to underestimate the conservativeness of ordinary voters.
They know what they believe, but they also know what theyre supposed to believe.
场景交集：判断力、决策出处：Bradleys Ghost · paulgraham.com 原文 ↗
本区为 L2 延展案例（跨篇互见）：PG 其他原典中的相关论述，仍属原典直读；引文均为逐字核验。解读与主编观点见 L3（筹备中）。