关键要点
- 世界若静止,我们对信念的信心可单调递增;但对变化的事物(几乎一切),不能这样信任自己的观点。
- 防信念过时的第一步:明示地相信变化。默认世界静止的人会陷入对观点单调递增的信心;有意识提醒自己世界在变,才会去找变化。
- 别预测变化:有分量的变化总来自意料之外的方向;对未来的信念极少正确,不值得为它付出僵化代价——最佳策略是激进地开放,做风向的灵敏探测器。
- 可以有工作假设(它激励你追逐),但要纪律性地不让假设硬化;尤其警惕那些开始和你身份绑定的假设。
- 另一招:先看人再看想法。未来的发现不可预测,但谁会做出发现可预测——好想法来自认真、精力旺盛、独立思考的人;Airbnb 点子被判死刑,但创始人三者俱全,于是投了。
- 把评论变成赌注:用持久公开的形式写作,你会比闲聊时更在乎对错——下注于想法的人,和只评论的人,激励完全不同。
—— 本文选自东西书院 dongxishuyuan.com
PG 原话
专家犯错,常因为他们是旧版世界的专家。
When experts are wrong, its often because theyre experts on an earlier version of the world.
好想法来自认真、精力旺盛、独立思考的人。
Good new ideas come from earnest, energetic, independent-minded people.
出处
- 英文原题:How to Be an Expert in a Changing World(2014年12月)
- 原文:https://www.paulgraham.com/ecw.html
- 本书院编译 · 底本为 paulgraham.com 英文原典
中文为本书院编译(意译),关键英文术语保留原文;英文引文逐字核验为原典连续子串。
延伸阅读 · 跨篇互见
有些工作必须既正确又新颖(科学、投资、创业);独立思考主要是天性,选错行会痛苦,但可以通过环境与习惯放大。
It matters a lot who you surround yourself with.
The best place to find undiscovered ideas is where no one else is looking.
场景交集:决策、判断力、选择方向出处:How to Think for Yourself · paulgraham.com 原文 ↗
名人传记删掉错误,让我们低估了天才当年的冒险;牛顿在物理、炼金术、神学上各下了一注。
Because biographies of famous scientists tend to edit out their mistakes, we underestimate the degree of risk they were willing to take. And because anything a famous scientist did that wasnt a mistake has probably now become the conventional wisdom, those choices dont seem risky either.
Newton made three bets. One of them worked. But they were all risky.
场景交集:决策、判断力、选择方向出处:The Risk of Discovery · paulgraham.com 原文 ↗
20岁别创业:创业是暴力的深度优先搜索,20岁该广度优先;大学只管学,让好想法自己长出来。
Starting a startup is like a brutally fast depth-first search. Most people should still be searching breadth-first at 20.
So here is the ultimate advice for young would-be startup founders, boiled down to two words: just learn.
场景交集:决策、判断力、选择方向出处:Before the Startup · paulgraham.com 原文 ↗
靠谱的领域专家提出听起来荒谬的想法时,别急着否定——荒谬在此刻从无聊的证据翻转为刺激的证据,整篮子押注期望为正。
If the person proposing the idea is reasonable, then they know how implausible it sounds. And yet theyre proposing it anyway. That suggests they know something you dont.
on average the ideas that seem craziest will, if correct, have the biggest effect.
场景交集:判断力、选择方向出处:Crazy New Ideas · paulgraham.com 原文 ↗
本区为 L2 延展案例(跨篇互见):PG 其他原典中的相关论述,仍属原典直读;引文均为逐字核验。解读与主编观点见 L3(筹备中)。